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ELEMENTS 

OF 

CHALDEE, SYR I AC, SAMARITAN, 

AND RABBINICAL 

GRAMMAR. 




JOHN G. PALFREY, D. D., 

Professor of Biblical Literat ure in the University of Cambridge. 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER. 

GOULD AND NEWMAN, PRINTERS 

1835. . 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835, by 

CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



PREFACE. 



The bases of the following manual are Vater's grammar, in Ger- 
man, of the Chaldee and Syriac, and Otho's, in Latin, of the Sa- 
maritan and Rabbinical. While, in translating, I have greatly 
abridged both works, especially the former, I have at the same 
time made additions, particularly, in the Chaldee, from Winer's 
grammar ; in the Syriac, from Uhlemann's ; in the Samaritan, from 
the preface to Castell's Lexicon ; and, in the Rabbinical, from the 
Habbinismus Enucleatus of Danz. 

My object was, to afford to the students of our Divinity College, 
an opportunity to become acquainted with languages, so useful in 
their relations to the study of the Old and New Testaments. I do 
not know that there is any grammar, in English, of either of them, 
except the Chaldee. 

I would willingly have treated them more in detail. Particular- 
ly, I could have desired to furnish paradigms of all the forms of 
verbs, for the greater facility in consultation. But, even if there 
had been any probability of remuneration for such an expense, there 
are not types enough in New England, (I suppose not in the coun- 
try,) to print so much as a paradigm of the Syriac perfect verb. 
As the best compensation for this want, of which the case admitted, 
I have taken great pains in the arrangement of rules, describing the 
deviations in Syriac verbs, and in the irregular classes of the Chal- 
dee, from the paradigm on pages 26, 27. And if, in such a con- 



PREFACE. 



densed form, those varieties are discerned with less convenience 
than if they were spread before the eye, I hope that this is the 
greatest fault which the student will remark, and even that he will 
be rewarded for the severer attention required, by finding that, in 
this generalized statement of separate facts, the leading principles 
of construction will sooner fix themselves in his mind. 

The difference in the sizes of English type, in the several parts 
of the work, was made necessary by that of the Oriental letters, 
which were to be composed with English in the same line. 

The doctrine of the Chaldee tone, on page 7, which is that of 
Vater, I have not seen reason so to alter, as to admit further ex- 
ceptions to the general rule. Exceptions are, of course, departures 
from the Chaldee analogy ; and Hebrew analogy is, in such a case, 
not of equal authority. Again ; I have preserved Vater's arrange- 
ment of the conjugations Ithpeel and Ittaphal in verbs Gnain Vau, 
instead of transposing them, with Winer. The analogy of forms 
does not clearly determine either disposition ; but its evidence seems 
to me rather to incline to the former authority. I have taken no 
notice of the diacritical points in Syriac ; as they are not used in 
the best modern printing ; in books which use them, but which are 
at the same time fully pointed, I think they are best neglected by 
the learner ; and books without a full vowel punctuation are unfit 
for a learner's use. 

1 have given no Syntax ; and this not merely because of the 
brevity which it was necessary for me to study, but because I con- 
ceive, that, in this class of languages, facts commonly arranged un- 
der that head, are, for the most part, best learned by practice. A 
lew such facts I have introduced in other connexions. 

Should this little work obtain a favourable reception, I may, be- 
fore long, complete the survey, (such as it is,) of this family of lan- 
guages, by a manual of Arabic grammar ; which 1 think admits of 



PREFACE. 



being much simplified, for the purposes of a Biblical scholar. 
Meanwhile, such occasion for the undertaking, as gave rise to the 
present essay, does not exist, as, in the University library, we have 
several grammars of that tongue. 
Divinity College, Cambridge; 
17th June, 1835. 



ERRATA. 



The following list would have been shorter, had not the author's 
tance from the press precluded the advantage of repeated revision. 
Page 6, tenth line from foot, for it read o ♦ 



" 6, ninth " 
" 9, seventh " 

" 12, fourth " 

" 17, fourteenth " 

" 20, thirteenth " 

" 25, eighth " 



" " like, " with. 

" after feminine insert, singular and. 
top, for praet. read such. 
foot, " most, " mostly. 

• -X. 3= 

top " sufformative, " form. 



CHALDEE AND SYRIAC. 



Throughout the following treatise, a previous knowledge 
Hebrew, on the part of the student, is supposed. 



PART I. 

WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 1. CONSONANTS. 



v/nalaee. 


Syriac. 


Fin. do. 


JNames of do. 


Samaritan. 


Kabbinical 




1 




Olaph 


A 


P 


3 




(A 


Beth 


3 


3 








Gonial 








> r 




Dolath 


T 


7 


n 


on 




He 




n 


i 


0 




Vau 




i 


T 


1 




Zain 




r 


n 




CM 


Heth 


n. 


n 


£3 






Teth 




u 








Yud 


irr 










Koph 








* 




Lomad 




!> 


a, a 


io 


>o 


Mim 




0, P 




j 


* V 


Nun 




1> ^ 


0 






Semkath 




D 




^ 




E 


V 


V 








Pe 












Tsode 






P 






Quoph 




p 


i 






Rish 






to, 




tJ 


Shin 




c 


n 


A Z 


1 


Tau 


A 





y denotes Lomad Olaph, ^ final Lomad Olaph; 
^ Olaph Lomad; and \& final double Lomad. 
2 



6 2. 3. VOWELS PECULIAR SOUND OF CONSONANTS. 



In Chaldee, consonants have the same names and force 
with the corresponding Hebrew. The numerical power 
of the corresponding Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac letters 
is the same. 



§ 2. VOWELS. 

The Chaldee vowels are the same with the Hebrew. 
The Syriac vowels are five. They are expressed by 
two different classes of characters, of which the first, 
given below, is used in the more recent printing, while 
the more ancient, as the London Polyglott, and Gutbir's 
New Testament, employ both indiscriminately. 

Pethocho 



Revotzo 
Chevotzo 
Zekofo 
Etzotzo 



7 










or — 






or 








P 












•A 










or — 



a in father, 
a in fame, 
e in he. 
o in bone, 
u in rural. 



Etzotzo is always followed by the consonant o except 
in two words, viz. ^ and \j^q + In proper names and 
other words of foreign origin it is often to be sounded 
like Zekofo, as usqjoU; cxd^ci. 

Most of the points are found placed sometimes below, 
sometimes above, their consonants; and etymology must 
often decide to which of two adjoining consonants a vowel 
belongs. 

The Syriac diphthongs are o_ ow ; q.»__, i; at; 
oi ; and q.»_, yu. 

§ 3. Peculiar sounds of some Consonants. 
] between two vowels is sounded like as ({] o-yar. 



§ 4. 5. QU1E5CENTS, ETC. LINEA OCCULTANS, ETC. 



7 



j at the beginning of a word is pronounced e. 

X 

When ] and _ occur without a vowel at the beginning 
of a word, the former is sounded as if it had _ or _, the 
latter a? if it had ^, beginning a word, is to be read 
as if pointed with _ , 

§ 4, Quiescent and Otiant Letters. 

o and ^, when they have no vowel of their own, 
either, 1. make diphthongs, (as in § 2.); or, 2. when, 
at the end of a word, they follow a letter also without a 
vowel, are otiant; or, 3. they, and], following a con- 
sonant, which has a vowel, quiesce in the latter. 

5 5. Linea Occultans, Ribbui, and Epenthetic Nun. 

Linea occultans is a horizontal line under a letter, signify- 
ing that it is not to be sounded; as z r L, bath. 

Two points, placed horizontally over nouns and verbs 
in the plural number, are called Ribbui ; e. g. 
Ribbui excludes the point of 5 , 

Nun, besides its common form of epenthesis, is some- 
times used in Chaldee instead of Daghesh forte. 

§ 6. Tone syllable. 
In Chaldee the tone is always on the last syllable, ex- 
cept in the few Segholate forms, and the dual number, of 
nouns, and in the first and third persons plural preterite 
of verbs. 

Regularly the tone, in Syriac, is on the last syllable, 
when the word ends with a sounded consonant ; otherwise, 
on the penult. 



PART II. 



ETYMOLOGY. 

CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 

§ 7. Gender and Number of Nouns. 

The Chaldee forms the feminine by adding IS!- , ft— , 
or , to the masculine. The Syriac forms it by ad- 
ding )1 ,o-,o^,or z^, or changing ] into ^ . 

The Chaldee forms the dual with and ]_ . The 
Sjriac has no dual except in four words, where it ends 
in ; viz. three numerals and the name of Egypt. 

Masculine -plurals in Chaldee end in in Syriac, in 

To form the plural feminine, the Chaldee changes 
into *| into p, and *>_. into "p. The Syriac changes 
]«I into o- and zl into f 'o , and into Syriac 
plurals are often formed from words similar to their 
singulars, but now obsolete, particularly such as had 
01, o 7 or ^ final ; as }^] ,ci^| ♦ 

Syriac compound nouns, in becoming plural, give the 
plural form to the jfe/ noun in composition, or to the 
second, or to both. 

§ 8. Cases. 

A noun is thrown into the genitive case, either, 1. by 
receiving the prefix 1 , 5, or being preceded, (in Chal- 
dee,) by the word ; or, 2. as in Hebrew, by the 



§ 9. EMPHASIS. 



9 



construct state of the preceding noun. The construct 
state is formed by the change, in the masculine plural, of 
*} V. , , into , ^J, and of ^, J into in the yemz- 
mwe singular, of tf-, into n_, 2— ; h _, into n n _? 

"*" 3" * 

Z»__, and 1, oj? into HI, ZoJ; and in the feminine plural, 
of ] , v , into fl, l. 

The dative is made by the prefix , S> 4 

The accusative is, I. the same with the nominative; 
or, it is indicated, 2. by the prefix ^ » , ^ ; or, 3. by 
the particle rT, aI 9 preceding. The latter form occurs 
in Syriac very rarely. 

§ 9. Emphasis. 

The Article, instead of being a prefixed syllable, as in 
Hebrew, is expressed in Chaldee and Syriac by a change 
in the termination of the noun, forming what is called the 
emphatic state. 

The emphatic state is formed, in the masc. singular by 
the addition of , T\- , }1 ; in the masc. plural by the 
change of *V , ^1 ^ J* of the construct to , , 

L ? ; in the feminine singular by the change of IH— , 
zl of the construct to j^ri , |A ; and in the feminine plural 
by the addition to the construct of , ]Z , 

In assuming the emphatic state, as also in receiving 
some pronominal suffixes and forming the masculine plural, 
the following vowels of the final syllable fall out; viz. in 
Chaldee, __, _, and occasionally _. and _.; and in Syriac 
J, _ 5 and in some feminines, 2. Final i, 



10 



§. 10. CHALDEE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



sj-, J, and o 1 , are retained. The penult vowel sustains 
no change; but the falling away of the final vowel often 
gives occasion to the insertion of a new vowel, to prevent 
the accumulation of contiguous consonants. 



§ 10. CHALDEE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Nominative Case. Oblique Cases. 

Singular. 

(a) (6) (with the 

prepositions D, 312) * 1 - . 

(a) 1]_ ; (b) ^ masc. 

(a) %, 13_; (6) ^ fern. 

(o) (6) n, an. 

Plural. 

(a) 83_, (6) 
p. 

(a) p3_; (6) p3; (with?, 
D) prl; (as a separate 
word,) ]E« . 
(«) 1?- 5 (*) j?5 (with 5? , 
3) 3H; (as a separate 
word,) ]3K . 

The letters («) and (6) in this table have the same 
force as in the table of Sjriac pronouns below. A few 
irregular forms occur, which the lexicons will shew. 



1st pers. 3tf , or Srtftf com. 

2d do. Ftftf com. 

3d do. fcttil masc. 
fiOfi fem. 



1st pers. «3rt3 or MfflK c 
2d do* pPiai masc. 

fem. 

3d do. 1*138 or ^3H m. 



]3H or jan fem. 



§11. SYRIAC PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



II 



§ 11. SYRIAC PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Nominative Case. Oblique Cases. 



Singular. 



1st pers. VjI com - gender 



2d do. A4I masc. 

^jsl] feinin. 
3d do. ooi, ooi masc. 



^»ci, ^»oi fem. 

1st pers. ^Iw com. 
2d do. ^Lu] masc. 



(a) uJ- 3 and ^>±> 1 ; (6) ; 
(0 ; (with the pre- 
positions V., o,) 

(a) ^_ ; (ft) ^ 

(«) ^2- ; (6) ^ ; (c) ^/ . 

(«) <n_, ^tcnaj-? and ^cnQj_; 
(ft) ^cn, and ^cio; (c) 



p 



Ajj fem. 



3d do. ^ajai,or v aj( masc 



-xjoi , or , j| fem 



(a) cn_ , au- ; (ft) cn . 



Plural. 

I (a) ^J, and ^ J; (ft) v ; (c) ^ 
I (a) ; (c) ^clLJ . 
I (a) (0 
aj] as a -separate word; 
( with the prepositions 
V, and o ,) ^ocjj . 

t %] as a separate word ; 
( with the prepositions 
^ and 3 ,) ^,01 . 



The forms marked (a) are affixed to verbs, ending 
w 7 ith a consonant, unless that consonant be ^, in which 
case, for the most part, the forms marked (c) occur. This 
latter form also occurs in union with the 2d person mascu- 



12 



§ 12. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 



line singular and the 3d person feminine plural praeter. The 
forms marked (&) are affixed to verbs ending with 0 or 0 
otiant, which then become o— and . Where no form 
(6) is given, the form (a) is affixed to praet. verbs. 

Verbs Lomad Olaph have peculiar forms of suffixes, 
as will be seen under those verbs. 

When the pronouns of the first and third persons sin- 
gular are used for the substantive verb, the first letter 
has a linea occultans. When the previous word ends in 
)1 , ooi is often used for ocn , and ) J for }1 . 



§12. CHALDEE AND SYRIAC POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, 
OR NOUN SUFFIXES. 

The suffixes to nouns singular of both genders, and to 
nouns plural of the feminine gender are exhibited in the 
table of suffixes to verbs, except that the first person sin- 
gular has , _ , ^_ ; and the third person plural has 

Nouns singular masculine append suffixes to their em- 
phatic state with , }1 , thrown out. The same holds 
of nouns singular feminine in repect to suffixes marked 
(a) ; (that is, those which have a union vowel ;) other suf- 
fixes this class of nouns append to their construct state. 
Nouns plural feminine append suffixes to their construct state. 
The same is true of Syriac nouns plural masculine; ex- 
cept that, in them, 1. the suffixes begin with _; 2. the 
suffix of the first person singular is generally syncopated, 
and disappears; and, 3. in taking suffixes of the third 



§ 13. DEMONSTRATIVE, ETC., PRONOUNS. 



13 



person singular, _ is changed into o before the mascu- 
line suffix , and _I into 2 before the feminine. Chaldee 
nouns plural masculine, in taking suffixes, change \_ final 
of their construct state to the following forms, viz. 
Singular. j Plural. 



1st person 

2d do. masc. *Tp_ ; fem. . 
3d do. masc. *tV\ , h 1 ; fem. 

m-9 



T T 

masc. pS" 1 -.; fem. 
masc. 'p»1\ T .; fem. 1ST\- ■ 



The possessive pronoun is frequently expressed by the 
relative pronoun, ^, with the preposition V, V,, and 
the appropriate suffix; as ^"I, m?/, mme. 

Syriac suffixes are often redundant. 



§ 13. DEMONSTRATIVE, RELATIVE, AND INTERROGA- 
TIVE PRONOUNS. 

Demonstrative pronouns are, 

In Chaldee, sing. masc. OT; sing. fem. 

OT, tpj, 15", ilW; plural common, ^H, rfpa, f^K, 

In Syriac; sing. masc. ^, }.jot; sing. fem. ]?cn, | p ,ot ; 
plur. masc. ^joi, fem. ^ A j CT ; com. , ^Vj). 

In Chaldee the relative pronoun is a separate 

word; or s prefixed to a letter with, or ^ (commonly) 
to a letter without a vowel. 

In Syriac the relative is 5, which when the letter 
next following is without a vowel, takes 1 , unless 
3 



14 



§ 14. VERBS CONJUGATIONS. 



the letter is ], in which case ? takes its vowel, or ^, io 
which case ? takes „ . 

Interrogative 'pronouns are ; singular masculine and femi- 
nine 1&, ^d; singular masculine fjjf; singular feminine 
)',!} ; sing. neut. , rtD , "}fi* fcOft , }£o , ,Jo , Ij£o ; plural 
common afH , tf-ptf , jbrtSl , NT 51 , -*^J] . 



CHAPTER II. VERBS. 
§ 14. Conjugations. 

The common conjugations are Jive in number; viz. 
1. Peal, to which belongs the root; 2. Ith- (Eth-) peel, 
its passive ; 3. Pael, causative of Peal ; 4. Ith- (Eth-) 
paal its passive; 5. Aphel, causative of Peal. Less 
common are, 6. .//- ( Et- ) taphal, passive of Aphel ; 
7. Shaphel, another causative ; and, 8. Is/i- (Esh-) taphal, 
its passive. 

The additions and changes, by which these are com- 
monly formed from the root, are sufficiently indicated by 
their names. But in the Chaldee derived Conjugations, 
instead of _ , sometimes appears -_,or or _.; in Pael 
_; in Aphel \_; and in the first syllable of Pael and 
Aphel _ for _ . In Chaldee and Syriac, in the last 
syllable of the derived conjugations _., 1, are found in- 
stead of _ , . In Chaldee fi occurs instead of <tt in 
the praeformative of Aphel, and is even retained in 
the future and participles; and in Ithpeel and Ith— 
paal the formative 21 is assimilated, by a Daghesh forte, 
with 1 and b beginning the root. In Chaldee and 
Syriac it is transposed with sibilants; and before T?1? is 



§ 15. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. 



if) 



changed into *J, ? ; before 2 , , into D , 4 . In Chaldee, 
the Hebrew Hiphil occurs instead of Aphel, and Hophal 
Instead of IttaphaL 

The Conjugations Poel, Poal, Pole], Polal, and their pas- 
sives, occur, where the second radical quiesces or is doubled. 
More unusual forms are presented by the prefixing of n , 
2 , to Peal ; by the insertion of , _ o, after the first radi- 
cal; and (in Syriac) by the affixing of a paragogic 
§ 15. Ground forms and declensions* 

The third person singular praeter masculine (as in 
Hebrew) is the root, except in verbs Gnain Vau and 
Gnain Yod. The ground firm of the future tense in all 
the conjugations is the second person singular masculine 
imperative. 

In Peal of the perfect verb, in both these forms, the 
first radical letter is without a vowel. The second com- 
monly has, in the praeter, J; and in the imperative 
— , o-l • But in Chaldee, _ , — ? and 1 occur instead of _ 
in the praeter, and 1 , _ , _ , instead of _ in the im- 
perative. And in Syriac, many verbs have _ instead of 
J[ in the root, and 1 instead of ol in the imperative; and 
some have , in the latter case, _ . 

Tl 

The infinitive Peal, in Chaldee, prefixes 12 , in Syriac 
va, to the root. 

The infinitives of all the active conjugations (except 
Peal) and of all the passive end in , ol . All Syriac 
infinitives have vo prefixed; the Chaldee present 12 only 
in Peal. 

All the active conjugations have two participles, an 



16 



§15. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. 



active and a passive. In Peal the active is ^Dj? , ; 
the passive ^ttj? , , Other participles begin with £ , ^ 
The following are the Suformatives and Preformatives 
used in declension , pointed as they occur in Peal of the 
perfect verb. 



Preterite tense. 



3d masc. 



Singular. 



3d fem. 


7 


n_ 


2d masc. 




n 


2d fem. 


M 


1st com. 




n_ 


3d masc. 


0 


} 


3d fem. 


«_»< 


T 


2d masc. 




•pn 


2d fem. 






1st com. 


V 


T 



Future tense. 



«1> 



Plural. 

p 

'A 



r-. 



>oI3j? 



n 
n 
n 



- U 



n 

pi 

3 



In Chaldee praeters the following varieties occur. In 
the singular third person feminine, the vowel of the 
root is retained ; _ instead of _ is the vowel of the first 
syllable; and instead of n__ final, appear n_ _ , T\L. _ ? 
and n_ . In the second masculine instead of V) appear 
PL fin, and Nfl . In the first, instead of n_ _ , rP , 

T T T " 2 " Z 

n_ , and ru~ . In the plural third person, _ for _ 
under the second radical in the masculine; and ll- for 

T 

final in the feminine. 
In Syriae the plural praeter third person feminine 



§ 16. GROUND FORMS AND DECLENSIONS. 



17 



sometimes ends in the third masculine in ol; and 

the first person in . In the singular future the third 
person feminine sometimes omits the otiant and the 
second feminine sometimes receives it. 

In Chaldee the passive Participle sometimes receives 
the suffbrmatives of the praeter to form a praeter passive. 

The present is sometimes expressed by a union of 
the participle with the personal pronoun in one word, 
the latter being placed last. In Sjriac, the participle, con- 
nected with the substantive verb foci in the praeter, de- 
notes the imperfect and sometimes the imperative; and 
the praeterite and future, connected with the same verb, 
respectively indicate the pluperfect and the subjunctive. 

The imperative second person masculine in the de- 
rived conjugations is most the same with the third person 
praeter masculine. All imperatives add to the masculine 
singular to form the feminine singular; o, to 

form the masculine plural ; and , , to form the 
feminine plural. 

§ 16. Changes of Verbal forms to receive Suffix Pronouns. 
In Chaldee, 

The praet. sing. 3d pers. masc. throws back its vowel except 

before jilD, p . 
• 3d „ fem. omits the first vowel, and 
throws back the second. 
1st „ com. does the same. 
Plur. 3d „ masc. throws back the vowel of the 
second radical. 



18 



§ 16. CHANGES TO RECEIVE SUFFIXES. 



3d 


5? 


fern. 


2d 


5? 


masc. 


Plur. 3d 


n 


masc. 


2d 


n 


masc. 


1st 


n 


com. 



The praet. plur. 3d „ fem. takes the masc. form. 
1st „ com. omits jtt final. 
Fut. sing. 3dpers. masc. 



> take an epenthetic D. 



In the Infinitive, is changed before a suffix to fil. 
In Syriac, 

The praet. sing. 3d pers. masc. throws back its vowel, except 



3d 

2d 
1st 



Plur. 3d 
3d 

Fut. sing. 3d 
3d 
2d 

Plur. 1st 



before ^ ? ^ D # 
fem. omits the first vowel and 

throws back the second, 
fem. places before final _ . 
com. removes both vowels, and 

places 1 after the second 

radical. 

masc. throws back the vowel, and 
places 1 after the third radical. 

fem. throws back the vowel. 



59 

„ masc. 
„ fem. 
„ masc, 
„ com. 



omit 0 _2? except before 



The Imperative 2d person singular feminine receives _ 
before its last consonant ; the second plur. masculine changes 
al^a^ into aL^ai; and the second plur. fem. some- 
times rejects its final ^ . 



17, IS. PECULIAR FORMS IRREGULAR VERBS. 19 

§ IT. Peculiar forms of Regular Verbs. 
In Chaldee the presence of the gutturals and Resh af- 
fects the vowels as in Hebrew. In Syriac before a final 
guttural or Rish, _ takes the place of ol or_. 

Verbs, consisting of four radicals, are declined like Pael 
and Ith- (Etl>) paal. 

§ 18. IRREGULAR TERES. 

These are divided into seven Classes; viz, 1. Pe 
Aleph; 2. Pe Yod ; 3. Pe Nun; 4. Gnain Aleph; 
5. Gnain Van; 6, Gnain doubled : 7. Lamed Aleph. 

L Verbs Pe Aleph, 
Where the first radical in the regular verb is without 
a vowel, j at the beginning of a syllable, takes, or J 
but throws its vowel back when preceded by a letter 
which has no vowel. 

At the end of a compound syllable, N , i quiesce in the 
preceding vowel. Hence in the future and infinitive Peal 
the vowel of the pre formative is lengthened in Chaldee, 
and often (always in the first person singular.) N is changed 
into and in Aphel, i in Chaldee, and oJ in Syriac is the 
vowel of the first syllable. 

^ . 1 fells away in the first person singular future of 
Pael, and in the imperative of ?Ttf . 1&Y| 3 fcWI&, |Z] ? also, 
in Svriac. in the first person singular future of Peal. 
Often it falls away in the whole of Pael, and in the Chal- 
dee infinitive of Peal. Sometimes also in Ith- (Eth-) Pael 
and -Paal, which then double n, I, preformative. 



20 



§ 18. VERBS PE YOD, PE NUN, GNAIN ALEPH. 



% Verbs Pe Yod. 

In Syriac, where the first radical of the regular 
verb, beginning a syllable, is without a vowel, o in this 
class of verbs takes _ . (But has J.) In Eth-Peel, 

X — 

as also when _ follows ? , 0 , a? the _ is thrown back. 

In Syriac and Chaldee, ^ , * quiesces or makes a diph- 
thong with the preceding vowel, Avhen it occurs at the 
end of a compound syllable. 

In the future and infinitive Peal, (except in the 1st 
pers. sing.) ^ , in Syriac, is changed into 1 ; and in Chaldee 

appears instead of . But in Chaldee, in place of 

this change, the ^ is often assimilated by a Daghesh forte, 
or its place is supplied by 3 . In the Chaldee impera- 
tive Peal the first radical commonly falls away, and the 
same takes place in three Syriac verbs ; ^ v fJ , «.oAj , t-soil t 

In Aphel, Ittaphal, Shaphel, *|, o, take the place of % 
to form in Chaldee 1, in Syriac o— . 

3. Verbs Pe Nun. 

In the imperative of Peal, the first radical falls away. 

In the future and infinitive Peal, and throughout Aphel 
and Ittaphal, the first radical, where, having no vowel, 
it follows the preformative, falls away in Syriac; and, in 
Chaldee, is assimilated by a daghesh forte. 

4. Verbs Gnain Aleph. 

No irregularities occur in this class of verbs in Chal- 
dee except in a very small number of single instances. 
In Syriac, in Peel, Ethpeel, and Aphel, their vowel is 



§18. VERBS GNAIN VAU. 



21 



placed after the first radical, and ] is quiescent. In Pael 
and Ethpaal, ] is commonly changed to ^ . 

5. Verbs Gnain Vau, 
In Peal, (except the active participle,) Ith- (Eth-) peel, 
Aphel, and It- (Et-) taphal, the regular middle radical 
falls out, and between the first and third radicals a long 
vowel is introduced, which remains before sufformatives 
and suffixes. 

In Peal praeter and infinitive, this is _ , _1 ; in the 
imperative and future, ^ , o- ; in the passive participle, , 
^»__ « The Chaldee first person singular praeter shortens 
the vowel of the sufformative to _ . In the active parti- 
ciple of Peal, 1 , o , is changed to ) ; but into V*-^ 
when there is a syllabic accession. 

In Ith- (Eth-) peel, the vowel is , . The T\ , l , of 
the preformatives is doubled. 

In Aphel, the vowel is \_ , ; but in some persons 
of the praeterite it is commonly, in others sometimes, ... 
In the passive participle it is _ , 1 . 

In Ittaphal, the vowel is commonly _ . 

In the infinitives of Ith- (Eth-) peel, Aphel, and Ittaphal, 
- , 1 , stand between the first and third radical. 

The preformatives of Peal and Aphel have no vowel. 
But this remark does not hold good of 1, nor always of 
other preformatives, in Syriac; nor always, in Chaldee, of 
the infinitive Peal, and the future and participle Aphel. 

In Ittaphal, _ of the preformative falls away. 
4 



22 



§18. VERBS GNAIN DOUBLED. 



In Pael and Ith-(Eth-) paal, ^ i take the place of 
lio. 

In this class of verbs occur, in Chaldee, the conjugations 
formed by doubling the third radical, corresponding to the 
Hebrew Polel and Polal; and, in. Syriac and Chaldee, 
those formed by doubling the first and third, corre- 
sponding to the Hebrew Pilpel and Pol pal. 

6. Verbs Gnain doubled. 

Irregularities, in Peal and Aphel, are as follows ; viz. 

In Chaldee, the second radical falls away in cases, 
where there is no preformative, and the third radical is 
without a vowel ; i. e. in Peal praet. singular, third person 
masculine, second common; plural, second masculine and 
feminine, first common; imperative, singular second mas- 
culine, plural second feminine. 

The second and third radicals are combined by a 
Daghesh forte, and the vowel which stood between them 
is thrown back, in cases where the third radical has a 
vowel, and there is no preformative; that is, in Peal 
praet. singular, third person feminine, first common; plural, 
third masculine and feminine ; imperative singular, second 
feminine; plural, second masculine. 

The second radical is assimilated with the first by a 
Daghesh forte, in cases where there is a preformative ; 
that is, in the infinitive and future of Peal, and the whole 
of Aphel. 

In Syriac, the second radical (except in the participles 
of Peal,) falls away ; and its vowel is attached to the first. 



§ 18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. 



23 



The active participle Peal changes the second radical 
for i. 

In this class of verbs occur, both in Chaldee and Syriac, 
the conjugations, formed by doubling the first and third 
radicals. 

7. Verbs Lamed Aleph. 

In this class of verbs, the forms, which have no suf- 
formative, terminate as follows ; viz. 

Praeter Peal in N_ , \1; sometimes . 

Other Praeterites in the Chaldee Aphel also 

in \_. 

Futures in also ^_ or 

Imperative Peal in 1 or 5> , . 

„ Ith-(Eth-)peel in V or \_, 
„ Pael, Ith- (Eth-) paal^ in \- , ]~ . 
„ Aphel in ^_ , ]_! . 

Infinitive Peal in or * , ]J. 

Other Infinitives in nfi^— , iTp— , a*— . 

T T T T 

Passive Participle Pael and Aphel in 
Other Participles in , or or 'L. , or , 
Before sufformatives, the N , ] , of the root is changed 
into 1 , j , or else au'oz/. 

The change occurs, (without quiescence or diphthong.) in 
both languages, in the second and third persons fern, plural 
future, in infinitives of the derived conjugations, and in 
several forms of the participles; also, in Chaldee, in one 
form of the second feminine singular and third feminine 



24 



§18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. 



singular and plural praeter; and, in Syriac, in the third 
person feminine singular praeter of derived conjugations, 
in one form of the third person feminine plural, and in the 
imperative second person feminine plural. The change 
occurs in the praeter of all the conjugations; in Chaldee, 
with quiescence of the vowel in _ , but in Peal and Ith- 
peel more commonly in __ ; and, in Sjriac, with quies- 
cence in _ 9 except that, in Peal, the vowel more com- 
monly is , forming a diphthong. In the Chaldee Peal 
also, occurs. 

The Jailing away occurs in Peal, in the third person 
feminine singular and third masculine plural praeter; the 
former ending in n_ , lL 5 the latter in \ , o_I ; and, in all 
the conjugations, in the second person feminine sin- 
gular, (where the Syriac has for and second and 
third masculine plural future, (where the Chaldee has *f\ 
for "p,) in the masculine plural of participles, in the se- 
cond person feminine singular and second masculine plural 
of the imperative, and in one form of the Syriac third 
person feminine plural praeter. 

In receiving suffixes, verbs of this class experience 
some peculiar changes. The principal are as follows; 
viz. 

In Chaldee, in the praeter, and commonly fall 
away in the third person masculine singular; com- 
monly terminates the verb in the third person feminine 
singular; in the first and second person sing, generally, 
and plural always, the verb remains unaltered; and in the 
third masculine plural *) commonly takes the place of 1, 



§ 18. VERBS LAMED ALEPH. 



25 



and *P of Y 1 — . In those persons of the future, which 
have no sufformative, the third radical falls away, and 3 
epenthetic is interposed between the verb and the suffix 
pronoun (a). The imperative forms, which end with a 
vowel, receive suffixes of the (6) class, without alteration, 
except 1 , VL, which become . The Infinitive Peal 
either drops final jtt or changes it to 

In Syriac, when the sufformative ends with )J , | falls 
away, and 1 becomes the union vowel to a suffix of the 
class (6). Forms, ending with either remain m> 

changed, receiving a suffix of the class (a) or (6), or lose 
the final vowel. The third person feminine, first common, 
and second masculine singular praeter, remain unaltered? 
the first two receiving a suffix (a), the last a suffix (c). 
In forms, ending with otiant o, oj— stands before a suffix 
(b) instead of ol ? and qj instead of q.,_ . Forms, ending 
with ]_ , change it to and take a suffix (6). Feminine 
imperatives ^1 and AJ J or become or j " 

with a suffix (6), and ^_ with a suffix (c). In Peal in- 
finitive, ^ takes the place of ]J. 



§ 19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. 

The following is a specimen of the changes, by con- 
jugation and declension, of the Chaldee Perfect Verb. 



26 



§19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. 





J. cal. 


xujptjei. 


"Pool 

Jraei. 


IthpaaL 


Praet. 3 m. 




✓>Dpri& 






3f. 








rfctapria 


2 c. 






nVip.p 




1c. 


n <?P.P 


npttpna 


*7 * 




PL 3 m. 




^pn» 


^ap 


^p.na 


3f. 




< WW Ir 1 1 »t> 






2 m. 




. ..... . 




^n^pn^ 


2f. 


I^&p. 






7 * * 


1 C. 


w\J7 up 








Inf. 


Utopia 








Imp. 2 m. 










2f. 










PL 2 m. 






^.P 


^pjia 


2f. 




^D^apn^ 


tfsVup 




Fut. 3 m. 


k 


* 

roprp 




k 

^P-H 1 ! 


3£ 




k • " 

pDpnn 


► • 

^t?.p.n 


k 

pBjpnn 


2 m. 




^oprin 




^Dp_nn 


2f. 


7 " * 


]^Dp_nn 


7 ' : 

rV^p_ n . 


'j^aprjn 


1c. 






7 

pap.M 


7 _ ! 

p&pna 


PL 3 m. 




* • 


k 


k • * 


o i. 


kHP.. 








2 m. 




]^Dpnn 


p^p_ri 


T^upn'n 


2f. 








]bap_nn 


lc 




» * 

■?Bjpf£ 


k 

'9.P- 3 . 


k • 

pajpna 


Part. Act. 










Part. Pass. 











§ 19. PARADIGM OF THE PERFECT VERB. 



27 



Aphel. 


Ittaphal. 


Shaphel. 


Ishtaphal. 






^pti 








* 


* * 












nVqpna 






































aM^apja 


aaVapria 






-%}p» 


aVtopna 










••1 . — 


Vjpniijtf 


^Dpa 

• ••' ; - 


^Bpfia 






^ . J . - 










■ A In 












tepn©* 


Vopri 




• 




^"op'n 










l^qpnn 








£opn» 






■jiVop^ 
















i * * j — 










■jVoprin 


















^ttptt'fc 




^5 


5*BpM 




btopript) 



28 



§ 20. PARTICLES. 



The above paradigm will serve also for the Syriac per- 
fect verb, attention being given to the following par- 
ticulars, in addition to those stated in § 15; viz. 

In Ethpeel, third person feminine, and first common, 
singular praeter, the Syriac has 1 in the penult; and in 
Ethpeel and Ethpaal imperative, it has after the first 
radical, the second radical having a linea occultans. 

In Pael and Ethpaal there is, in Syriac, no reduplication 
of the second radical. But the preformative of Ettaphal 
repeats the letter z. 

The infinitives of all the derived conjugations have j[ 
for their penult vowel. 



CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. § 20. 

The Chaldee, like the Hebrew, has a prefixed inter- 
rogative in , n. 

The Chaldee prefix prepositions 2 , b are pointed as 
in Hebrew. 

The Syriac a , V> , are pointed with 1 before a letter 
having no vowel. (But before )a* with .) Coming 
before 1 , ^» , or ^ , they draw back its vowel. 

^ , when prefixed to the future, commonly excludes its 
preformative; and, often, the preformative of the infinitive 
Peal, when prefixed to that form. 

The prefix conjunctions 1 , 1 , 3, ? , o , follow the same 
laws of punctuation with 3 , ^ , a , ♦ 



SAMARITAN. 



5 



The figures enclosed, at the end of the title to each section, 
are references to the corresponding sections in the Chaldee and 
Syriac grammar. 



PART I. 



WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 1. (1.2.) 

The names of the letters, (for which see page 5,) 
are as follows ; viz. Alaph, Beth, Gamal, Dalath, He, 
Vau, Zain, Hetb,Teth, Yud, Caph, Laraad, Mim, Nun, 
Semkath, Gnain, Pe, Tzade, Kuph, Risch, Shin, Tau. 

The Samaritan having no vowel points, they must 
be supplied by the reader from the analogies of the 
Hebrew T and Syriac. The mattes lectionis, A? =f> Z '? 
flf ? and V? are 'often inserted to indicate the charac- 
ter of the vowel to be supplied. 

A horizontal line over a letter indicates, either, 1. 
that the word is used in a signification different from 
the most common; or, 2. that it is abbreviated; or, 
3. that the letter, (being a quiescent,) is to be sound- 
ed; or, 4. that the letter is substituted for another, as 
Afor^. 

The separation between words is marked by a point, 
on the upper edge of the line ; that between clauses, 
by two points disposed horizontally; that between pe- 
riods, by two points, disposed vertically ; that between 
verses, by an asterisk; and that between larger por- 
tions, by a variety of signs, having no known difference 
of meaning. If the words in a line are not sufficient 
to fill the space, two letters are separated, and carried 
out to the left hand margin. 



PART II 



ETYMOLOGY. 



CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 

§ 2. Gender and Number of Nouns. (7.) 

The feminine is formed, by adding, in substantives 
or ^ , in adjectives % , to the masculine. 

Plurals, masculine, end in ^&Xf or J]flT ; feminine, in 
^3 . To distinguish a masculine dual, A is sometimes 
inserted before the plural termination. 

§ 3. Cases and Emphasis. (8. 9.) 

A noun is thrown into the genitive case, either, 1. 
by receiving the prefix T; or, 2. by the construct state 
of the preceding noun. The construct state is formed, 
in the masculine plural, by the omission of ^ ; in the 
feminine singular, by the change of ^ to A , or its omis- 
sion when A precedes it; and in the feminine plural, 
by the omission of ^ final from the emphatic state. 

The dative is made by the prefix 2,. 

The accusative is, 1. the same with the nominative ; 
or, 2. it is indicated by the particle Aftf , AA, ^V, 
preceding. 

The article is sometimes expressed (particularly in 
Hebrew nouns) by ^ prefixed ; but, generally, by a 
change of the form of the noun into the emphatic state. 



PRONOUNS. 



33 



This is made, in masculines singular by the addition of 
^ , or the change of HT to ^ in nouns with final fiTA ; 
in feminines singular, by the addition of ^ , or of ^A 
to nouns ending in ^ or HT, or the change of ^ to ^fA 
in nouns ending in ; in masculines plural, by the 
change of ^fiT , J]fiT , to ^ilt or fit (sometimes preceded 
by A) ; and in feminines plural, by the change of , 
^LA, into ^AA 5 or ^A^. 



§ 4. Personal and Possessive Pronouns. (10. 11. 12.) 

NOMINATIVE CASE. OBLIQUE CASES 

Singular. 

1 per. c. A^!A , ^3A , »T^A , HT'^pA HT^ , 0T 

2 per. m. ^AA , AA 

f • HTAA 

3 per. m. A^ , 

i aot^, m 



3 



Plural 

1 per.com. ^A, ft] A ^ , ■]. 



2 per. masc. ^AA 

fern. JMTA/I 

3 per. masc. Jte^lA 

fern. pHT^IA 



The possessive pronoun is frequently expressed by 
ZfiF? with the appropriate suffix. 

Noun suffixes are appended to the construct state of 
masculine plurals ; and to the emphatic state, (with 
final ^ dropped) of singulars of both genders, and of 
feminine plurals. 



34 



VERBS CONJUGATIONS AND DECLENSIONS. 



^ 5. Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns. (13.) 
Demonstrative pronouns are, singular, masculine, 



JlT, ^TT=[^, ^TTV^; feminine, =(?, ^AT; plural 



Interrogatives are, masculine and feminine, 
neuter, . 



Conjugations are the same with those of the Syriac 
and Chaldee. For want of vowels, the third and 
fourth are hardly distinguishable from the first and se- 
cond. The characteristic of Aphel is a prefixed A or 
flT is sometimes inserted in the last syllable. The 
characteristic of the passive conjugations is a prefixed 
AA or 5 w hich generally transposes its A with a 
sibilant first radical. Ettaphal does not double the 
characteristic A • 

The declension of the praeter tense corresponds 
with the Syriac, except that fit final of the second per- 
son singular feminine is commonly omitted, and it is 
sometimes added to the first person singular. 

The infinitive Peal prefixes ^ . Other infinitives 
sometimes receive, and sometimes reject it, and they 
end in % or ^A • But, in all the conjugations, infini- 
tives occur in the Hebrew form. 

Actives have two participles ; passives, but one. 
Out of Peal, participles prefix fit or % is inserted 



common, jMZA. 

Relatives are <T , ^A . 




CHAPTER II. VERBS. 



§ 6. Conjugations and Declensions. (14. 15.) 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



35 



into the second syllable of the passive participle of 
Peal ; and sometimes % into the active. 

Imperatives add to the masculine singular fiT to form 
the feminine singular; and % for the masculine, and 
or "p for the feminine, plural. 
The future preformatives and sulformatives are as 
follows ; viz., singular, third person, masculine, -fit ; 
feminine, -A ; second, masculine, -A ; feminine, fit -A , 
^nt-A; first, -A; plural, third masculine, ^-fit? 
5f -fit; feminine, J] -fiT 3 'fJ -A; second masculine, 
J]£ -A, t -A; feminine, p -A ; first , The per- 
sons, which have no suiformative, in Peal, often have 
t in the last syllable. 

Pronouns of the first and second persons are some- 
times compounded with participles, and then an abbre- 
viation commonly takes place. 

§ 7. Irregular Verbs. (18.) 

Verbs Pe Maph change A to nt in those Peal and 
Aphel forms, (sometimes also in their passives,) where 
the^first radical of the perfect verb would close a com- 
pound syllable, fin Pael and Ethpaal, A is often drop- 
ped. In Peal, it is sometimes changed to % , and in 
Aphel to % . 

Verbs Pe Yud drop the first radical in the impera- 
tive, and the future, (generally,) of Peal. In Aphel 
and Ettaphal they commonly change it to f • 

Verbs Pe Nun commonly drop the first radical in the 
imperative, infinitive, and future, of Peal, and in the 
whole of Aphel. 

Verbs Gnain Van, in Peal, drop the middle radical 
in the praeterite, sometimes substituting for it V or 



36 



VERBS. PARTICLES. 



A 5 or AT ; in the active participle, they change it for 
A? V 5 % > , or Aftf ; in the passive, for fit ; in the 
imperative and future, they sometimes retain, and 
sometimes reject it ; in the infinitive, they sometimes 
receive, and sometimes omit, the preformative . In 
Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal, t is changed to flT ; but, 
for the latter conjugation, Ethpolal is oftener found. 
In Aphel and Ettaphal, % is changed to fit , which how- 
ever is omitted before svllabic sufformatives ; some- 
times, to A • 

Verbs Gnain doubled change the second radical, in 
the active participle of Peal, for A > which falls out in 
some forms of declension. In the rest of Peal, in 
Aphel, and in Ettaphal, the second radical falls out. 
The future, and (sometimes) the infinitive, of Peal, re- 
ceive fit before the first radical. 

Verbs having a quiescent for the third radical, viz. 
A ? ^? \ , or fit , are conjugated and declined like Sy- 
riac verbs Lomad Olaph. A ? before suffixes, is re- 
tained, or changed to A; in both cases, throwing out 
=f , when it is the first letter of the suffix, fit before 
suffixes is retained. 



CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. 

§ 8. (20.) 

The interrogative prefix is ? or A- Prefixed ad- 
verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are 3 , T ? Y 9 H 9 
2 ? ^5 • A 5 abbreviated from AfiT , the sign of the ac- 
cusative, sometimes intervenes, in the same word, be- 
tween a verb and its suffix. 



RABBINICAL. 



6 



PART I. 

WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION. 



§ l. 

The text of the Talmuds is expressed in the Hebrew and Chaldee 
square letter. Other writings commonly employ the characters given 
in the right hand column of page 5. 

f> and b are often thus connected ; ^ . 

For the name of God, the following expressions occur ; viz. , 

Vowel points are rarely afnxed. The matres lectionis, ^6 , are of- 
ten inserted, to indicate that the vowel supplied should be one of those, 
which are commonly attached to these letters respectively. 

The repetition of a quiescent letter often indicates, that, in that 
place, it is moveable ; as 7VW for . 

The Rabbinical dialect abounds in abbreviations. Sometimes a 
compound word drops part of one, or of both, of the words compounded ; 
as P">*) for fib . Without such reason, letters are often dropped from 
the middle and end, and sometimes from the beginning of words. Ab- 
breviations are often denoted by ' following the part remaining of the 
abbreviated word. The same mark, following a single letter, generally 
indicates, that it is used as a numeral ; as 't> , for 1. Doubled, it de- 
notes, either a union of numerical letters, as 7" for 14 ; or, that the let- 
ter or letteis to which it is attached, make the subject of remark, as 
qy'fj for the letter K ; or that they are the initials of so many different 
words, as f) n * for D^PP P . 



PART II. 
ETYMOLOGY. 



CHAPTER I. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 

§ % Gender, Number, Cases, and Article-form, of Nouns. 

The Rabbinical dialect follows the Hebrew and the Chaldee in the 
forms of the feminine gender, and of the plural number. Sometimes it 
distinguishes a dual number by the use of a double Yod ; as . It 
indicates the genitive case, either by 7 or ht> prefixed, or the construct 
state, which takes Hebrew and Chaldee forms ; the dative by b ; the 
accusative by PP , P" 1 , b . It expresses the article either by a prefix, 
like the Hebrew, or by emphasis, like the Chaldee. 

§ 3. Personal, Possessive, and Demonstrative Pronouns. 

Pronominal suffixes are the same with the Hebrew or the Chaldee, 
except that p is sometimes used for i in the first person singular, and 
the feminine j often for the masculine 0 in the third person plural, and 
sometimes for the first person ; and 0 occur for *D1 ; and the forms of 
the second and third persons plural frequently lose their last letter. In 
the formation of possessives after the manner described on page 13, C , 
as well as ^7 , is used by the Rabbins. 

Peculiar demonstrative pronouns are ; masculine singular, ^fO , fop , 
Wf> , Wp , M , |Pp ; plural, Wp , irw , m , P>D , li>>P , li&fo , ]^V> , 
ylW ; feminine singular, pO , p>p" , V^p , pD^) , W ; plural, , 
^0)p ; neuter singular, B , V*) ; common singular, p , ^pD , pD ; plural, 

^, po 9 -pn. 



VERBS CONJUGATIONS AND DECLENSIONS. 



41 



CHAP. II. VERBS. 

§ 4. Conjugations and Declensions. 

The Rabbinical dialect uses the Hebrew and the Chaldee forms of 
conjugation and declension, to which it makes some additions. Pecu- 
liar to it, is the conjugation Nithpahel, which has commonly a passive, 
but sometimes an active or a neuter sense. PP and PD , preformatives 
of passive conjugations, often omit the P . 

In the praeter, adopted from the Chaldee, P of the sufTormative is 
generally dropped in the first person, and in the third feminine, singu- 
lar, (which latter then usually receives p) : and j in the second mascu- 
line plural. 

Infinitives occur, in all the conjugations, with i paragogic, and 1 pre- 
fixed to their last radical. 

1 , prefixed to the future, is never conversive. h , as in Chaldee, is 
prefixed to futures ; which then often take the place of infinitives. ^ is 
often, by Syriasm, the preformative of the third person in both num- 
bers. 

Participles are often compounded with pronouns. Their preforma- 
tive P often gives place to the preformative of the praeterite, in derived 
conjugations. 

§ 5. Irregular Verbs. 

These follow, in general, the forms of the Hebrew and Chaldee. 

In verbs Pe Alepli, the first radical is thrown out in some impera- 
tives of the first conjugation ; ")V)h and i>2l5 occur instead of the regular 
infinitives ppp and bob ; and, in the future p is retained, or changed to 
* . In other conjugations, particularly in Pael and Ithpaal, P is thrown 
out. In Aphel, it is changed to 1 or * . IPfi , one of this class of verbs, 
has the peculiar anomaly of substituting 6 for the last radical in several 
of its forms. 

Verbs Pe Yod, with few exceptions, prefix b to the infinitive. 



42 



IRREGULAR VERBS. PARTICLES. 



Verbs Gnain Aleph often omit f> , or change it to ^ , or 

Verbs Gnain Vau sometimes prefix b to the infinitive. The active 
participle of Peal changes 1 into t> or * . The active participle of Pael 
sometimes makes a masculine plural in 1 . The infinitive of Aphel 
sometimes ends in ) , like the Syriac. 

Verbs Gnain doubled make the active participle of the first conjuga- 
tion by inserting « between the first two radicals, the third being omit- 
ted. In infinitives Kal and Pael, they insert < after the first radical. 

Verbs Lamed Aleph and Lamed He are, in great part, confounded 
in the Rabbinical forms, f> being either thrown out, or changed, in the 
former class, and sometimes, on the other hand, inserted, in the latter. 
Aphel active participles sometimes make a plural in ) . 



CHAPTER III. PARTICLES. 

§6. 

The Rabbins add three to the Hebrew and Chaldee prefix particles ; 
viz. f) in the same sense with 3 , h , bv; p , ftp , an expletive, corres- 
ponding to the Greek yi ; and T> , equivalent to P . 



C ONTENT S. 



Page. 



Alphabets, ........ 




5 












6 


Peculiar sounds of some consonants, . 




6 


Qniescents and Otiants, ...... 




7 






7 


Ribbui, ... .... 




7 






7 


Tone syllable, ........ 




7 


Nouns ; forms of gender and number, . 




3 


u cases, ...... 




8 


" " emphasis, . . 




9 


Pronouns ; personal ■ Chaldee, ..... 




10 


u " Syriac, . 




11 


a possessive : Chaldee and Syriac, 




12 


" demonstrative, relative, and interrogative, 




13 


Verbs : forms of conjugations, ..... 


• 14, 


28 


" a declensions, . . . . 


. 15, 


25 


u e suffix state, 




17 


" peculiar forms of regular, 




19 


" irregular, Pe Aleph, 




19 


« - Yod, 




20 


- Xun, ..... 




20 


"* u Gnain Aleph, . 




20 


- Fan, ..... 




21 


• u a * doubled, 




22 


" " Lamed Aleph, .... 




23 


" Paradigm of the Perfect verb, . 




25 


Particles, 




28 



44 



CONTENTS. 



SAMARITAN. 

Page. 

Writing and Pronunciation, 31 

Nouns ; forms of gender and number, ...... 32 

" " cases and emphasis, 32 

Pronouns ; personal and possessive, 33 

" demonstrative, relative, and interrogative, . . 34 

Verbs ; conjugations and declensions, 34 

" irregular, 35 

Particles, 36 

RABBINICAL. 

Writing and pronunciation, 39 

Nouns ; forms of gender, number, case, and article, . . .40 

Pronouns ; personal, possessive, and demonstrative, ... 40 

Verbs ; conjugations and declensions, 41 

" irregular, 41 

Particles, 42 



W 14 6 



E£ -SR' 'life >^ : .S§R : , 



y 



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